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List of NC-17 rated films

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The MPA's "NC-17" rating symbol.

NC-17 (No One 17 and Under 17 Admitted)[1] is the highest rating in the Motion Picture Association (MPA) film rating system used for films distributed in the United States. It is assigned to films the MPA believes most parents would consider "patently adult" and not suitable for their children under 18.[1] The rating does not designate films as pornographic or obscene, but simply that the content is suitable only for adults.[1] The rating may be issued because of violence, sex, drugs, or other elements. The MPA has 90 movies that have been rated NC-17 by the moment.[1]

The NC-17 rating replaced the X rating in 1990 as the X rating was not trademarked by the MPA and had been co-opted by the pornography industry. NC-17 originally stood for "No Children Under 17 Admitted" to combat the misconception that the rating indicated a film was pornographic. In 1996, the MPA reworded the NC-17 rating to "No One 17 and Under Admitted", effectively raising the minimum age for admission from 17 to 18.[2]

This list includes films that received—and were released with—an NC-17 rating; films that received it but had it rescinded before release are not included. Rescissions occur most often in the form of re-ratings after edits, re-ratings on appeals, or studios surrendering the rating to leave the film unrated. The list provides the reason the rating was given for some films. The MPA began publishing the reasons for R ratings in 1990,[3][4] and for all film ratings starting in 2000.[5][6]

List

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Title Release Notes on rating[7]
100 Tears 2007 Rated NC-17 "for extreme horror violence"[8]
Arabian Nights (Il fiore delle mille e una notte) 1974 Rated X in 1979; name of rating changed to NC-17 in 1990.[9]
Bad Education 2004 Rated NC-17 for a scene of explicit sexual content; kept rating after the MPAA upheld an appeal to overturn it. Edited "Special Edition" rated R for strong sexual content throughout, language and some drug use.[10]
Bad Lieutenant 1992 Rated NC-17 for sexual violence, strong sexual situations & dialogue, graphic drug use; edited version rated R for drug use, language, violence, and nudity (the R-rated version was created only because the film's producers wanted the film to be carried by Blockbuster Video and the cost of creating the new edit and then receiving an R from an MPAA was expected to be much less than the amount of money it would earn in video rentals).[11]
Bank Robber 1993 Rated NC-17 for nudity, violence, drug use, and language.[12] Edited version rated R in 1994 for strong sexuality and violence, drug content and language.[13]
Bent 1997 Rated NC-17 for a strong scene of graphic sexuality; edited version rated R in 1998 for strong sexuality, including explicit sexual dialogue, some brutal violence, language and drug use.[14]
Beyond the Valley of the Dolls 1970 Received NC-17 rating in 1990. Initially rated X, but re-rated after the rating symbol was adopted that year.[15][16]
Bizarre 1991 Rated NC-17.[17]
Blonde 2022 Rated NC-17 for some sexual content.[18][19] First NC-17-rated film to be released on Netflix.[20][21]
Blue Is the Warmest Color 2013 Rated NC-17 "for explicit sexual content"[22] The film was released with the NC-17 rating, yet took in over $19 million overall.[23]
Broken English 1996 Rated NC-17 for explicit sexuality; edited version rated R for language, violence, and some drug content.[24]
Caligula 1979 Rated X for history violence and graphic sexual content.
Cannibal Holocaust 1980 Rated X due to extreme violence and graphic sexual content in 1983, rating surrendered in 1985.
The Canterbury Tales (I Racconti di Canterbury) 1972 Originally rated X in 1979; name of rating changed to NC-17 in 1991.[25]
Comfortably Numb 1995 Rated NC-17 for scenes of graphic drug use and some explicit sexuality.[26]
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover 1989 Original version surrendered X-rating, later re-rated NC-17.[27] Edited version rated R.
Crash 1996 Rated NC-17 for numerous explicit sex scenes; edited version rated R for accident gore, some graphic language, and aberrant sexual content.[28]
Dark Obsession (Diamond Skulls) 1989 Rated in 1991. Rated NC-17;[29] edited version rated R for strong sensuality and for language.
Delta of Venus 1994 Rated in 1995.[30] Rated NC-17 for explicit sexuality; edited version rated R for strong erotic content.[31]
Descent 2007 Rated NC-17 "for a brutal rape";[8] edited version rated R "for brutal rape, language, some sexual content and drug use"[32]
Dice Rules 1991 Rated NC-17 for "language." First film to be given an NC-17 rating for language alone.[33]
A Dirty Shame 2004 Rated NC-17 for pervasive sexual content;[34] "The Neuter Cut" (edited) version rated R for pervasive, strong, crude sexual content, including fetishes.[35]
The Dolls 1991 Rated NC-17.[36]
The Dreamers 2003 Rated in 2004. Rated NC-17 for explicit sexual content;[37] edited version rated R for strong sexual content and graphic nudity, language and some drug use. Originally released with a NC-17 rating, the film grossed $2.5 million in its United States theatrical release.[38]
Easyriders Video Magazine #13 1992 Rated NC-17 for pervasive sexuality and graphic sexual dialogue.[39]
El Infierno 2011 Rated NC-17 for some graphic violence and explicit sexual content[40]
Emmanuelle: The Joys of a Woman 1975 Originally rated X in 1976; rating symbol changed to NC-17 in 1991.[41]
The Evil Dead 1981 NC-17 rating acquired in 1994. Rated NC-17 for substantial graphic horror violence and gore.[42]
Female Trouble 1974 Originally X, rated NC-17 in 1999, re-rating NC-17 for explicit sexuality and nudity[43]
Flesh Gordon Meets the Cosmic Cheerleaders 1990 Rated in 1991. Rated NC-17 for sex-related and scatological humor.[44]
Frontier(s) 2007 Rated NC-17 for extreme sadistic graphic violence and gore.[45] Received limited theatrical release,[46] and the rating was later surrendered.[47]
Games of Love 1991 Rated NC-17.[48]
Glam 1997 Rated in 1998. Rated NC-17 for a scene of explicit sexuality and some dialogue.[49]
Henry & June 1990 First film to be rated NC-17.[50][16][51]
Hell's Belles 1997 Rated NC-17 for pervasive sexuality and nudity.[52]
The Hottest Bid 1995 Rated NC-17 for strong, graphic sexuality; kept rating after the MPAA upheld an appeal to overturn it.[53]
In the Cold of the Night 1990 Rated NC-17 in 1990. Edited version rated R in 1990.[54]
In the Realm of the Senses (Ai no Korīda) 1976 Rated X in 1976, changed rating symbol in 1991. Rating symbol changed from X.[55]
Inserts 1975 Initially rated X, but re-rated in 1996 after the rating symbol was changed in 1990. Rated NC-17 for explicit sexuality.[56][16]
Inside Deep Throat 2005 Rated NC-17 for explicit sexual content;[57] edited version rated R for strong sexuality including graphic images, nudity and dialogue.[58]
Intent to Kill 1992 Rated NC-17 for extreme violence. First film to receive the NC-17 rating for violence, not sex.[59][60][61]
Last Tango in Paris 1972 Rated NC-17 for some explicit sexual content.[62] Rating in 1997. Initially rated X, but re-rated after the rating symbol was adopted in 1990.[63][16]
La ley del deseo (Law of Desire) 1987 Rated in 2005. Originally rated X in 1987; re-rated NC-17 for a scene of explicit sexual content.[64]
The Loves of Lady Chatterly 1992 For scenes of explicit sexuality.[65]
Lucky Bastard 2013 Rated NC-17 "for explicit sexual content." The sex and violence resulted in the NC-17 rating, yet the MPAA given the film staff suggestions on how to improve it for an R rating. The staff declined, stating: "If we re-cut it we won't have any film left."[22]
Lust, Caution 2007 Rated NC-17 "for some explicit sexuality"; edited version rated R for strong sexual content and a scene of brutal violence.[8] Despite keeping the NC-17 rating, the film grossed $4.6 million in the United States theatrically,[66] and Focus was very satisfied with the film's theatrical release.[67] It has generated more than $18 million from DVD rentals in the United States.[68]
Marie and Jack: A Hardcore Love Story 2002 Rated in 2007. Rated NC-17 "for explicit sexuality"[8]
Ma Mère 2004 Rated in 2005. Rated NC-17 for strong and aberrant sexual content;[69] edited version rated R for strong aberrant sexuality, some language, and violent images.
Marriage 2.0 2015 Rated NC-17 for explicit sexual content and graphic nudity throughout[70]
Man Bites Dog (C'est arrivé près de chez vous) 1992 Rated NC-17 for strong graphic violence.[71]
Matador 1986 Rated in 2005. Rated NC-17 in 2005 for aberrant sexuality including violence.[72]
Modern Love 1991 Rated NC-17[73]
Myriam 1982 Rated in 1991. Rated NC-17[74]
The Night Buffalo 2007 Rated NC-17 "for some graphic sexuality"[75]
Orgazmo 1997 Rated NC-17 for explicit sexual content and dialogue; kept rating after the MPAA upheld an appeal to overturn it.[76]
Paris, France 1993 Rated NC-17 for explicit sexual content; received rating in 1994.[77]
Pink Flamingos 1972 1997 re-release rated NC-17 for a wide range of perversions in explicit detail.[78]
Romper Stomper 1992 Rated NC-17 in 1993.[79] Edited version Rated R in 1994 for brutality and violence, sexuality, and language.[80]
Santa Sangre 1989 Rated NC-17 for several scenes of extremely explicit violence; edited version rated R for bizarre, graphic violence and sensuality, and for drug content.[81]
The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet 1970 Rated NC-17 in 1990.[82]
Secretaries 2005 Rated NC-17 for pervasive graphic sexuality and nudity; received rating in 2006.[83]
A Serbian Film 2010 Rated 2011. Rated NC-17 "for extreme aberrant sexual and violent content including explicit dialogue.[84][85]
The Shadowed Mind 1988 Rated 1991. Rated NC-17.[86]
Shame 2011 Rated NC-17 "for some explicit sexual content"[84]
Showgirls 1995 Rated NC-17 for nudity and erotic sexuality throughout, and for some graphic language and sexual violence. ("Sneak Preview" rated NC-17 for strong sexual images.) First NC-17-rated film to be given a wide release in mainstream theaters.[26][87]
Softly from Paris: Series I-V 1990 Rated NC-17[88]
Swearnet: The Movie 2014 Rated NC-17 for some explicit sexual content, graphic nudity and for language.[89]
This One's For The Ladies: Uncensored 2018 Uncensored version rated NC-17 for "some explicit sexual images"[90]
Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down! 1989 Rated in 1990, the year the NC-17 rating was first introduced. Rated NC-17 "for scene [sic] of strong adult sensuality with nudity".[91][16]
Tokyo Decadence (Topāzu) 1991 Rated in 1993. Rated NC-17 for strong, explicit, sado-masochistic sexuality.[92]
Tower of Terror 1992 For extreme horror violence.[93]
Trois 2000 Rated NC-17 for some explicit sexuality, Edited version rated R for strong sexuality, language, and some violence[94]
Tropic of Cancer 1970 Originally rated X; re-rated NC-17 in 1992 for strong language and sex-related dialogue.[95]
Two Girls and a Guy 1997 Received rating in 1998. Rated NC-17 for a scene of explicit sexuality; kept rating after the MPAA upheld an appeal to overturn it. Edited version rated R for a strong sex scene, strong language and sexual dialogue, and for a violent image.[96]
Urotsukidoji: Legend of the Overfiend 1993 Rated NC-17[97][98] for extreme violence and gore, explicit sexuality and for language.
Wadd: The Life & Times of John C. Holmes 2003 Rated NC-17 for explicit sexual content; edited version rated R for strong sexual content, language, drug use, and some violent images.[99]
Whore 1990 Rated NC-17;[100] edited version rated R for strong sexual situations and dialogue, and for some violence. Unrated version also released.
Wide Sargasso Sea 1993 Rated in 1992. Rated NC-17 for strong, explicit sexuality;[101] edited version rated R in 1993 for strong sexuality.
WVAG in New York City 2001 For graphic sexuality[102] (short film).
Young Adam 2003 Theatrical version rated NC-17 for some explicit sexual content; edited version for home video rated R for strong sexual content, some disturbing behavior, and language.[103]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Motion Picture Association, Inc. (July 24, 2020). "Classification and Rating Rules" (PDF). Filmratings.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2017.
  2. ^ "Will Shame change the game for the NC-17 rating?". BBC News. 30 November 2011.
  3. ^ "MPAA ratings: June 30, 2010". The Hollywood Reporter. June 30, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  4. ^ "MPAA ratings: Sept. 1, 2010". The Hollywood Reporter. September 1, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  5. ^ Josh Wolk (November 19, 1999). "The Backstreet Boys plan a new album and tour". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
  6. ^ "Changes in the Rating System". Motion Picture Association of America. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009.
  7. ^ Classification and Rating Administration, Motion Picture Association of America. "Reasons for Movie Ratings (CARA)". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d "Search Results [2007 and NC-17]". filmRatings.com. Classification and Rating Administration. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  9. ^ "NC-17 rated movies in 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  10. ^ "Bad Education". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  11. ^ LaSalle, Mike (January 7, 1994). "'Bad Lieutenant' On Rental Is Of Two Different Animals". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  12. ^ Kempley, Rita (December 8, 1993). "Bank Robber". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  13. ^ "Bank Robber rating". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  14. ^ Holden, Stephen (November 26, 1997). "FILM REVIEW; Sent From Gay Berlin To Labor at Dachau". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  15. ^ "Beyond The Valley Of The Dolls". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d e ""Henry & June" is first NC-17 film shown in theaters". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Bizarre". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  18. ^ 'Blonde' Trailer: Ana De Armas Is Marilyn Monroe in Netflix NC-17 - Variety
  19. ^ Watch the first trailer for the adults-only Marilyn Monroe movie - i-D
  20. ^ Maitland, Hayley; Seth, Radhika (August 16, 2022). "What to Expect From Netflix's Blonde". Vogue. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  21. ^ 'Blonde' Could Make the World Safe for NC-17 Films Again|CQ
  22. ^ a b "Search Results [2013 and NC-17]". filmRatings.com. Classification and Rating Administration. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  23. ^ "Blue Is the Warmest Color". The True Myth Media. Retrieved Sep 15, 2019.
  24. ^ "Broken English". Filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  25. ^ "Nc-17 rated movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  26. ^ a b "Nc-17 rated movies: 1995". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  27. ^ Howe, Desson (April 6, 1990). "'The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover' (NC-17)". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  28. ^ "1996 Nc-17 rated movies". Filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  29. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  30. ^ "NC-17 rating". CARA Film Rating System. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  31. ^ "Movies in 1995 rated Nc-17". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  32. ^ "Search Results [descent]". filmRatings.com. Classification and Rating Administration. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  33. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  34. ^ "Nc-17 rated movies 2004". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  35. ^ See the documentary film, This Film Is Not Yet Rated, in which John Waters discusses many aspects of the difficulties he had with the MPAA rating system.
  36. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  37. ^ "Nc-17 rated movies 2004". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  38. ^ Dutka, Elaine (April 20, 2004). "NC-17 comes out from hiding". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  39. ^ "Nc-17 movies 1992". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  40. ^ "Search". www.filmratings.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  41. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  42. ^ "The Evil Dead". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  43. ^ "Female trouble rating". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  44. ^ "Search". www.filmratings.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  45. ^ Gens, Xavier (2008-01-23), Frontière(s) (Horror), Karina Testa, Aurélien Wiik, Patrick Ligardes, Cartel Productions, BR Films, EuropaCorp, retrieved 2023-10-10
  46. ^ Oliver, David (1 July 2008). "DVD REVIEW: AFTER DARK HORRORFEST 2007 – FRONTIER(S)". CHUD.com. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  47. ^ "Search". www.filmratings.com. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  48. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  49. ^ Eric Olson (1998-02-10). "Cineville's 'Glam' stuck with NC-17 – Variety". Variety. Retrieved 2019-02-23.
  50. ^ "Henry & June". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  51. ^ "Henry & June". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  52. ^ "Hell's Belles". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  53. ^ "The Hottest Bid". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  54. ^ "In The Cold Of The Night rating". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  55. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  56. ^ "Inserts". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  57. ^ "NC-17 rated movies in 2005". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  58. ^ "Search". www.filmratings.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  59. ^ "Intent to Kill". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  60. ^ "Intent to Kill is First Film that was Rated NC-17 for Violence and Not Sex". Film Score. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  61. ^ "The Budget Thrillers Sometimes Hold Surprise". Roanoke Times. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  62. ^ "Search". www.filmratings.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  63. ^ "Last Tango in Paris". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  64. ^ "NC-17 rated movies in 2005". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  65. ^ "Nc-17 movies 1992". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  66. ^ "Lust, Caution (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  67. ^ Sperling, Nicole (Mar 19, 2008). "Ang Lee and James Schamus Get Frank". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  68. ^ "Lust, Caution (2007) - DVD / Home Video Rentals". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  69. ^ "NC-17 rated movies in 2005". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  70. ^ "NC-17 movies: 2015". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  71. ^ "Nc-17 movies 1993". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  72. ^ "NC-17 rated movies in 2005". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  73. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  74. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  75. ^ "Search Results [2009 and NC-17]". filmRatings.com. Classification and Rating Administration. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  76. ^ "Orgazmo". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  77. ^ "Paris, France". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  78. ^ "Films rated Nc-17: 1997". Filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  79. ^ "Romper Stomper U.S trade ad". newspapers.com. Newspapers.com. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  80. ^ "Romper Stomper rating". filmrating.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  81. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  82. ^ "Nc-17 rated movies 1990". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  83. ^ "Secretaries". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  84. ^ a b "Search Results [2011 and NC-17]". filmRatings.com. Classification and Rating Administration. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  85. ^ Hurtado, J (April 15, 2011). "A SERBIAN FILM U.S. Release Details & Red Band Trailer". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  86. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  87. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (July 21, 1995). "First Major Film With an NC-17 Rating Is Embraced by the Studio". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  88. ^ "Nc-17 rated movies 1990". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  89. ^ "Bulletin #2392" (PDF). Motion Picture Association of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  90. ^ MPAA Ratings Bulletin #2558
  91. ^ "Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  92. ^ "Tokyo Decadence". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  93. ^ "Nc-17 movies 1992". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  94. ^ "Trois Rating". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  95. ^ "Nc-17 movies 1992". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  96. ^ "Two Girls and a Guy". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  97. ^ Harrington, Richard (26 April 1993). "'Urotsukidoji: Legend of the Overfiend' (NC-17)". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  98. ^ Savlov, Marc (11 June 1993). "Urotsukidoji: Legend of the Overfiend". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  99. ^ "NC-17 rated movies: 2003". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  100. ^ "Nc-17 movies: 1991". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  101. ^ "Nc-17 movies 1992". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  102. ^ "Nc-17 rated movies (2001)". filmratings.com. MPAA. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  103. ^ ""Young Adam" gets an NC-17". Los Angeles Times. 20 March 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
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